This well-researched video attempts to dive into the ancient Roman thought process of healing and medicine. By analyzing four different cases, each of different time periods, complexities, and social classes, we hope to present a vivid image of how the Romans approached healing. From low level dentists to personal physicians of emperors, and from superstitious treatments to the most scientific, the Romans did all they could to heal the ones they loved... Regardless of their efforts, however, the countless illnesses and their treatments always played a huge role in shaping the social, economic, and political spheres of ancient Rome!

Primary sources:
Aret. CD 2. 5. VII.
Cass. Dio. 53. 30. 1. - 53. 30. 3., 54. 3. ff.
Celsus, De Medicina 4. 15. 3, 5. 28. 127 - 5. 28. 128, 7. 12. 369 - 7. 12. 373.
Plin. Nat. 25. 16, 28. 49, 29. 2, 29. 6. - 29. 8.
Suet. Aug. 81. 1.

Secondary sources:
A Display of Surgical Instruments from Antiquity, Historical Collections at the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library, 2007. Accessed March 15, 2024, http://exhibits.hsl.virginia.edu/romansurgical/.

Al Hamdani, Muwaffak, and Marian Wenzel. “The Worm in the Tooth.” Folklore, 77, First Edition (1966): 60–64. Accessed March 15, 2024, http://www.jstor.org/stable/1258921.

Baker, R. "Medical Ethics, History Of." Third Edition. Encyclopedia of Applied Ethics (Second Edition), (2012): 61-69. Accessed April 18, 2024, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-373932-2.00152-6.

Becker, M. J. “Dentistry in Ancient Rome: Direct Evidence for Extractions at the Temple of Castor and Pollux in the Roman Forum.” International Journal of Anthropology, (2014) 29(4), 209-226. Accessed March 10, 2024, https://digitalcommons.wcupa.edu/anthrosoc_facpub/29.

Calder Loth. ”The Corinthian of the Temple of Castor and Pollux: An Order for Special Occasions.” classicist.org. Institute for Classical Architecture and Art, 14 January 2014. Accessed March 28, 2024, https://www.classicist.org/articles/the-corinthian-of-the-temple-of-castor-and-pollux-an-order-for-special-occasions/.

Gerabek WE. “The tooth-worm: historical aspects of a popular medical belief.” Clinical Oral Investigations, (1999): 3(1):1-6. Gregory, Andrew D. “Magic, Curses, and Healing.” In A Companion to Science, Technology, and Medicine in Ancient Greece and Rome, First Edition. 418-432 Chichester, West Sussex: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2016.

Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities, Second Edition. Harry, Peck, (New York, New York: Harper and Brothers, 1898, s.v. ”medicina”.

Jackson, Ralph. “Urban healers in the Roman empire.”Transactions of the Medical Society of London.” 125:97-116. 2008-2009.
Jocks, Ianto Thorvald. “Scribonius Largus’ Compounding of Drugs (Compositiones Medicamentorum): Introduction, Translation, and Medico-Historical Comments. Thesis, Glasgow Theses Service, 2014. 23-24.

Jones-Lewis Molly “Pharmacy.” In A Companion to Science, Technology, and Medicine in Ancient Greece and Rome, First Edition. edited by Georgia L. Irby, 1:376, 403, 408- 415. Chichester, West Sussex: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2016.

Lascaratos, J. and Assimakopoulos, D. (2000), Surgery on the larynx and pharynx in Byzantium (AD 324-1453): Early scientific descriptions of these operations. Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, 122: 579-583. https://aao-hnsfjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1067/mhn.2000.94249.

Le Blay, Frédéric. “Surgery.” In A Companion to Science, Technology, and Medicine in Ancient Greece and Rome, First Edition. Translated by Todd Black, 371-383. Chichester, West Sussex: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2016.

Nikita, Efthymia., Anna Lagia and Sevi Triantaphyllou. “Epidemiology and Pathology.” In A Companion to Science, Technology, and Medicine in Ancient Greece and Rome, First Edition. 465-477 Chichester, West Sussex: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2016.

RPA Wood translated, TA Osbaldeston edited “Dioscorides de materia medica, being a herbal with many other materials written in Greek in the first century of the common era. An indexed version in modern English.” (Johannesburg, South Africa: Ibidis Press, 2000): PDF e-book, 624, 779.

Scarborough, John. "Drugs and Medicines in the Roman World." Expedition Magazine 38, Number Two (July, 1996). Accessed April 3, 2024.

Scarborough, John. Review of Pliny’s Medicinal Plants, by V. Bonet. The Classical Review 66, Number One. (2016): 132–34. Accessed March 29, 2024. http://www.jstor.org/stable/24759989.

Scorrano, Gabriele, Mauro Brilli, Cristina Martínez-Labarga, Francesca Giustini, Elsa Pacciani, Filberto Chilleri, Franco Scaldaferri, Antonio Gasbarrini, Giovanni Gasbarrini, and Olga Rickards. "Palaeodiet Reconstruction in a Woman with Probable Celiac Disease: A Stable Isotope Analysis of Bone Remains from the Archaeological Site of Cosa (Italy)." American Journal of Physical Anthropology 154, Number Three. (2014): 349-356. Accessed March 4, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.22517.

Use come "HISTORIA" to get 51% off any yearly subscription to World Anvil: https://worldanvil.com/?c=historia

This video serves as a complete introduction and analysis into how the Romans did war. Their thought process, reasoning, and army compositions are all the focus of the video. Each statement has supporting examples of battles, ranging from the late Republic to the early Empire, though these basic rules were present in some degree in the minds of Roman generals far later, and served as a basis for upcoming generals to learn from.

Play War Thunder for free and claim your bonus pack here: https://playwt.link/historiamilitum

In this episode we go over countless theories concerning hoplite combat, coming from scholars, reenactors, and enthusiasts. All of these grew rapidly in popularity across the last century, but most are either outdated, unlikely, or incorrect. Join us as we dive into each one, and use experiments, studies, and logic to reconstruct ancient warfare of one of the most popular history periods: Archaic Greece!

Primary sources:
Tyrtaeus, Stobaeus Anthology [on war]. Elegy and Iambus, Volume I, volume 1, Tyrtaeus, The Elegiac Poems of Tyrtaeus (tufts.edu).

Secondary sources:
-Bardunias, P. “The Mechanics of Hoplite Battle: storm of spears and press of shields” in Ancient Warfare Magazine, 2011. 60-69.
-Bardunias, P. “The Greek phalanx in context: shifting shield wall” in Ancient Warfare Magazine 11.6. 36-42.
-Browuers, J. Henchmen of Ares: warriors and warfare in Early Greece. Zutphen: Karwansaray Publishers. 2013.
-Hanson, V. D. Epameinondas, the Battle of Leuktra (371 B.C.), and the "Revolution" in Greek Battle Tactics in Classical Antiquity , Oct., 1988, Vol. 7, No. 2. 190-207.
-V. D. Hanson (ed.), Hoplites: The Classical Greek Battle Experience. New York 1991.
-Hanson, V.D. The Western Way of War: Infantry Battle in Classical Greece. New York, 1989.
-Matthew, C. A. When Push Comes to Shove: What was the Othismos of Hoplite Combat? in Historia 58, 2009, 395 - 415.
-Matthew, C. A. A Storm of Spears: Understanding the Greek Hoplite at War, Barnsley. 2012.
-Konijnendik, R. & Bardunias, P. “The face of battle at Plataiai” in The Battle of Plataiai 479 BC, Konecny, A. & Sekunda, N. (eds.), Vienna: Phoibos Verlag, 2022. 211-242.
-Krentz, P. “Hoplite Hell: How Hoplites Fought.” In Men of Bronze: Hoplite Warfare in Ancient Greece, Kagan & Viggiano G F. (eds.), Princeton: University Press, 2013. 134–56.
-Van Wees, H. The Development of the Hoplite Phalanx: Iconography and Reality in the Seventh Century, in H. van Wees (ed.), War and Violence in Ancient Greece, London, 2000. 125 - 166.
-Van Wees, H. The Homeric way of War: The Iliad and the Hoplite Phalanx (I) in Greece & Rome, 2nd Ser. Vol. 41, No.1, 1-18.
-Van Wees, H. The Homeric way of War: The Iliad and the Hoplite Phalanx (II) in Greece & Rome, 2nd Ser. Vol. 41, No.2, 131-155.

Greek Hoplites (0:00)
The Time Period (0:47)
"Othismos" (1:24)
Weight of Equipment (2:38)
Spacing within a Phalanx (3:53)
Pre-battle (8:17)
Charge (9:53)
Overhand vs Underhand (10:25)
The battle (10:51)
Combat model (14:56)

Secure your privacy with Surfshark! Enter coupon code Militum for an extra 3 months free at https://surfshark.deals/Militum

Step back in time and experience the daily life of Valerius as he goes from a city dweller to a professional soldier of the 14th Legion. From the trumpet call at dawn to night watch duty, we shed light on the intricacies of Roman military life along the frontier with a fun animation!

Start speaking a new language in 3 weeks with Babbel 🎉. Get up to 60% OFF your subscription ➡️
Here: https://go.babbel.com/t?bsc=usa-influ-eg-dt-1m&btp=default&utm_term=generic_v1&utm_medium=paidsocial&utm_source=YouTube&utm_campaign=historiamilitum&utm_content=Influencer..Feb-2024..USA-TATAM..1200m60-yt-historiamilitum-feb-2024

Primary sources:
- Albinus’ Pompeii Mutiny:
Livy, Epit. 75
Val. Max. 9. 8. 3
Plu. Sul. 6
Oros. 5. 18. 22
Dio Fr. 100

- Caesar's Vesontio Mutiny:
Caes. BG. 1. 39-41
Cass. Dio. 38. 34-47

- Scipio's Sucro Mutiny:
App. Iber. 34-37
Livy. 28. 24-32
Polyb. 11. 25-30
Zon. 9. 9-10

- Caesar's 9th Hispana Mutiny:
Suet. Caes. 69
App. BC. 2. 47
Cass. Dio. 41. 26

Secondary Sources:
Brice, L. L. “Indiscipline in the Roman Army of the Late Republic and Early Principate” in Brice, L. L. (ed.) New Approaches to Greek and Roman Warfare, 2020, Hoboken: Wiley Blackwell. 113-126.

Brice, L. L. “Second Chance for Valor: Restoration of Order after Mutinies and Indiscipline” in Brice, L. L. & Slootjes, D. (eds.) Aspects of Ancient Institutions and Geography Studies in Honor of Richard J.A. Talbert, 2015, Leiden & Boston: Brill. 103-121.

Brice, L. L. “SPQR SNAFU: Indiscipline and internal conflict in the Late Republic” in Armstrong, J. & Fronda, M. P. (eds.) Romans at War Soldiers, Citizens, and Society in the Roman Republic, 2020, New York: Routledge. 247-267.

Chrissanthos, S. G. “Freedom of Speech in the Roman Republican Army” in Sluiter, I. & Rosen, R.M (eds.) Free Speech in Classical Antiquity, 2004, Leiden & Boston: Brill. 341-369.

Chrissanthos, S. G. “Scipio and the Mutiny of Sucro 206 B.C.” in Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte, 46, H. 2. 1997, 172-184.

Chrissanthos, S. G. Seditio: Mutiny in the Roman Army 90-40 B.C. Los Angeles: University of Southern California. 1999.

Keaveney, A. The Army in the Roman Revolution. New York: Routledge. 2007.

Machado, D. Voluntas Militum: Collective Action and Popular Power in the Armies of the Middle Republic. Zaragoza: Libera Res Pública. 2023.

Nolan, D. “Caesar’s Exempla and the Role of Centurions in Battle” in Armstrong, J. (ed.) Circum Mare: Themes in Ancient Warfare, Mnemosyne Supplements Vol. 388, 2016, Leiden & Boston: Brill. 34-62.

Defining Mutiny (0:00)
Albinus and incompetence (2:38)
Caesar and fear (6:49)
Scipio and opportunism (9:28)
Caesar and need for discharge (12:23)

Download Opera for free with our special link: https://opr.as/Opera-browser-Historia-Militum

Our channel’s Merch: https://historiamilitum.com/

We covered Roman frontiers in Britain, Jordan, Egypt, and the Neverlands... We thought its time for the largest one; the Rhine frontier! It is often said that Augustus founded and built the Roman border with the Rhine, that he installed stone forts along it, and that it was an unshakable border meant to repel any invasion. This video aims to dispel the above myths and shed some light on Roman borders. It wasn't one emperor who built it, it took decades for the wooden forts to slowly become permanent stone ones, and the border was very dynamic network that shifted through the centuries! This video covers the grand strategy of the Rhine frontier and explains how Roman borders worked, as well as how Rome built its largest border. (Defense in depth - How Rome guarded its LARGEST border)

Intro (0:00)
Creation of the Frontier (1:55)
The Roman thought process (5:37)
The watchtowers (9:17)
The fortlets (11:21)
The Roman Grand Strategy (13:28)
Fighting Invaders (14:32)
Impressive self-sufficiency! (16:07)
The frontier's death (17:51)

Get the "Trajan's First Dacian War" book for a 25% discount with code "Historia". Offer valid until February 15, 2024: https://www.karwansaraypublishers.com/products/dacian-wars-1

The Sources are being compiled and will be posted in 1-2 days!

The Storm Arrives.. (0:00)
The Dacian Army (5:12)
The Eagle and the Wolf (10:57)
The King’s Gambit (15:50)

Go to https://ground.news/historia to stay fully informed on events around the world. Subscribe through my link for less than $1/month or get 30% off unlimited access this month only.

Part of the colossal success of the Roman Empire must be attributed not only to its impressive army size, but also its ability in producing arms and armor and supplying that army, which was distributed along hundreds of kilometers, on the very edges of the Roman frontiers. This video aims to analyze this astounding success, making it the first multicultural empire with a fully defined professional army. However, the difficulty in making this happen can be seen throughout modern archeological findings; there was no standardization of weapons and armour, and within every unit was a wide variety of equipment with a spectrum of lifespans, design, and style. The worst of these examples are Roman helmets found with no cheek guards and no final polishing. Their most impressive achievemnt though, was turning expensive state-of-the-art body armour, like chainmail and scale armour into regular commodities worn by every soldier; a remarkable feat for any army of that time.

Primary sources:
Berlin Papirus 6765.
Carlisle: H476, Inv. No. 14.
CIL XIII, 2828.
CIL XIII, 6677.
Codex Theodosianus posterior 15, 15, 1
Digesto 48.6.
Dio Cass. 69.12.2.
Tac. Hist. 2.82.1.
Veg. Mil. 2. 11.

Secondary Sources:
Allason-Jones, L. & Dungworth, D. B.‘Production of copper alloy artefacts along Hadrian’s Wall’, in W Groenman-van Waateringe, BL van Beek, WJH Willems and SL Wynia (Eds) Roman Frontier Studies 1995. Oxford: Oxbow Books, 317–321.

Aurrecoechea-Fernández, J.”“Talleres dedicados a la producción de equipo militar en los campamentos romanos de León” in Ángel Morillo Cerdán (ed.) Producción y abastecimiento en el ámbito militar: arqueología militar romana en Hispania, 2006, 309-334..

Bishop, M. C. “The distribution of military equipment within Roman forts of the first century A.D.” in C. Unz (ed.) Studien zu den Militärgrenzen Roms III. 13. internationaler Limeskongreß Aalen 1983 Vortrage (Stuttgart 1986), 717–23.

Bishop, M. C. “The Military Fabrica and the production of arms in the early Principate” in Bishop M. C. (ed.) The Production and Distribution of Roman Military Equipment: Proceedings of the Second Roman Military Equipment Research Seminar, BAR International Series 275, 1985, Oxford: BAR. 1-42.

Bishop, M.C. The Production and Distribution of Roman Military Equipment,

Proceedings of the Second Roman Military Equipment Research Seminar, BAR S275, Oxford.

Gschwind, M. “Bronzegiesser am Raetischen Limes” in Germania: Anzeiger der Römisch-Germanischen Kommission des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts, Vol. 75, Nº. 2, 1997, 607-638.

Macmullen, R. “Inscriptions on Armor and the Supply of Arms in the Roman Empire” in American Journal of Archaeology, Vol. 64, No. 1, 1960, 23-40.

Menéndez Argüir, A. R. “El abastecimiento de armas para las legiones de las provincias de Germania (ss. II-III d.C)” in Aquila Legionis, 02, 2002, 59-84.

Oldenstein, J. “Manufacture and supply of the Roman Army with bronze fittings” in Bishop M. C. (ed.) The Production and Distribution of Roman Military Equipment: Proceedings of the Second Roman Military Equipment Research Seminar, BAR International Series 275, 1985, Oxford: BAR. 82-94.

Paddock, J. “Some changes in the manufacture and supply of Roman helmets under the Late Republic and Early Empire” in Bishop M. C. (ed.) The Production and Distribution of Roman Military Equipment: Proceedings of the Second Roman Military Equipment Research Seminar, BAR International Series 275, 1985, Oxford: BAR. 142-159.

Quesada Sanz, F. Ultima Ratio Regis: Control y Prohibición de las Armas desde la Antigüedad a la Edad Moderna. Madrid: Polifemo. 2009.

Rankov, B. “The Roman Ban on the Export of Weapons to the Barbaricum: a Misunderstanding” in Journal of roman military equipment studies, Nº 10, 1999, 115-120.

Scott, I. R. “First century military daggers and the manufacture and supply of weapons for the Roman Army” in Bishop M. C. (ed.) The Production and Distribution of Roman Military Equipment: Proceedings of the Second Roman Military Equipment Research Seminar, BAR International Series 275, 1985, Oxford: BAR. 160-213.

Sim, D. “Roman Chain-Mail: Experiments to Reproduce the Techniques of Manufacture” in Britannia, Vol. 28, 1997, 359-371.

van Driel-Murray, C. “The production and supply of military leatherwork in the first and second centuries A.D.: a review of the archaeological evidence” in Bishop M. C. (ed.) The Production and Distribution of Roman Military Equipment: Proceedings of the Second Roman Military Equipment Research Seminar, BAR International Series 275, 1985, Oxford: BAR. 43-81.

Sign up with MyHeritage to build your family tree and get a 14 day free trial with our special link: https://bit.ly/HistoriaMilitum

This video dives into a topic we are all very familiar wish: Salaries and what to do with them. It just so happens that in this regard, very little has changed from the time of the ancient Romans, who spent, saved, and invested just like we do today. The similarities of humans throughout history never ceases to amuse us! Just us in uncovering real documents and artifacts to reveal the lucrative life of average Roman soldiers previously lost to time!

If you want to see more videos like this, consider supporting us on Patreon, it helps a lot! https://www.patreon.com/HistoriaMilitum

Primary Sources

CIL 03, 2709. http://lupa.at/21433
CIL 03, 293. https://www.mqdq.it/public/ce/testo/codice/CE%7cce%7c0243
CIL 13, 1906.
P.Vindob. L. 135. https://papyri.info/ddbdp/sb;16;12609
PFay, 105.
RMR 68. PGenLat1.
Tab.Vindonissa 2.

Secondary Sources

Alston, R. “Roman military pay from Caesar to Diocletian” in Journal of Roman Studies, 84, 113-123.
Boren, H. C. Studies Relating to the Stipendium Militum in Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte, Bd. 32, H. 4 (4th Qtr., 1983): 427-460
Brunt, P. A. “Pay and Superannuation in the Roman Army” in Papers of the British School at Rome, Vol. 18 (1950): 50-71.
De Nardis, M. “Pay and Income: Republic” in Le Bohec, Y (eds.) in Le Bohec, Y. (eds.), Encyclopedia of the Roman Army Vol. II, Wiley Blackwell: Oxford, 2015, 737-738.
Fink, R. O. Roman Military Records on Papyrus. Cleveland: American Philological Association. 1971.
Phang, S. E. Roman Military Service: Ideologies of Discipline in the Late Republic and Early Principate. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge. 2008.
Speidel, M. A. “Pay and Income: Principate” in Le Bohec, Y. (eds.), Encyclopedia of the Roman Army Vol. II, Wiley Blackwell:Oxford, 2015, 738-740.
Speidel, M. A. “Roman Army Pay Scales” in Journal of Roman Studies, 10/1992, 349-380.
Watson, G. R. “The Pay of the Roman Army: The Republic” in Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte, Bd. 7, H. 1 (Jan., 1958): 113-120.

Roman understanding of salary (0:00)
Sponsor: MyHeritage (3:28)
Military Donations (4:46)
Receiving Salaries (5:58)
Salary Deductions (6:22)
Military Bank Accounts (7:31)
Expenses for Pleasure (9:57)
A REAL Bank statement! (12:22)
Retirement at Last.. (13:22)
Loaning to Friends (14:12)

Check out World of Tanks for FREE using https://tanks.ly/3QuppTh. Click the link to get 7 days premium, 250k Credits, and three rental tanks for 10 battels each! Thanks to World of Tanks for sponsoring the video #wot #worldoftanks #tanks

This video covers the training and recruitment of an army that conquered the known world in one of the most famous historic campaigns; The Macedonian Army of Philipp II and his son, Alexander the Great. This video compiles everything we know about the impressive training and preparations done by the famous infantry phalanx and elite Companion Cavalry, among whom would be Alexander the great himself, in order to get their recruits up to warrior status! Due to their everlasting fame, their methods and training would be heavily studied and interpreted by many people for centuries to come, like the Romans and Persians, among others.

Sources:

- Austin, M. M. The Hellenistic world from Alexander to the Roman conquest: a selection of ancient sources in translation, 2nd ed, Cambridge, (2006): 252–7.
- Gauthier, P. and Hatzopoulos, M. B. La loi gymnasiarchique de Beroia. Athens, 1993.
- Hammond, N. G. L. “Royal Pages, Personal Pages, and Boys Trained in the Macedonian Manner during the Period of the Temenid Monarchy.” Historia: Zeitschrift Für Alte Geschichte 39, no. 3 (1990): 261–90.
- Hammond, N. G. L. “The Continuity of Macedonian Institutions and the Macedonian Kingdoms of the Hellenistic Era.” Historia: Zeitschrift Für Alte Geschichte 49, no. 2 (2000): 141–60.
- Hammond, N. G. L. “The Various Guards of Philip II and Alexander III.” Historia: Zeitschrift Für Alte Geschichte 40, No. 4 (1991): 396–418.
- Hammond, N. G. L. “Training in the Use of a Sarissa and its Effects in Battle”. Antichthon, Volume 14, (1980): 53-63.
- Hammond, N. G. L. “What May Philip Have Learned as a Hostage in Thebes?” . Greek, Roman and Byzantine Studies, vol. 38, No.4, (1997): 355-372.
- Heckel, W. “The ‘Somatophylakes’ of Alexander the Great: Some Thoughts.” Historia: Zeitschrift Für Alte Geschichte 27, no. 1 (1978): 224–28.
- Rinaldi, S. Les hétairoi, compagnons guerriers et amis, images et réalités politiques d'Homère à Alexandre le Grand. Soutenue le 15-12-2009 à Paris 10 , dans le cadre de École doctorale Espaces, Temps, Cultures (Université Paris Nanterre).
- Taylor, M. J. Soldiers and Silver: Mobilizing Resources in the Age of Roman Conquest. University of Texas Press: Austin. 2020.

Sign up for online therapy with Betterhelp and get your 10% discount here: https://betterhelp.com/HistoriaMilitum

The Dacian Wars is a topic over overlooked due to a severe lack of sources, which is in stark contrast to the magnitude and importance of the conflict. However, with this video, we hope to create a series detailing everything we know about the campaigns until this point, based on the works of numerous researchers and archeologists. So sit back and enjoy our lively animated and epic series as it covers the forgotten wars in their entirety, with no details left out!

Each video will include the details about the cultural and social lifestyle of the Dacians, a deeply fascinating people who were later Romanized to extinction by the Romans.

Sources:

- Charles, B. “The Flavio-Trajanic miles : the Appearance of Citizen Infantry on Trajan's Column” in Latomus, 61, Fasc. 3, 2002, 666-695.
- Florea, G; Pupeza, P. Les Dieux tués: La Destruction du chief-lieu du Royaume Dace” in Die Römischen Provinzen: Begriff und Gründung Colloquium Cluj-Napoca 28. September - 1. Oktober 2006, Editura Mega: Cluj-Napoca, 281-295.
- Neamtu, C; Bârcâ, V; Buna, Z. “Promoting and Capitalizing on the Vestiges from Sarmizegetusa Regia by Modern Multimedia Methods” in Plural, Vol. 8, no. 1, 2020, 150 - 173.
- Oltean, I. A; Hanson, W. S. “Conquest strategy and political discourse: new evidence for the conquest of Dacia from LiDAR analysis at Sarmizegetusa Regia” in Journal of Roman Archaeology, 30, 2017, 429-446.
- Oltean, R. Dacia: La Conquista Romana. Desperta Ferro Ediciones: Madrid, 2016.
- Oltean, R. Tracios, Getas y Dacios. Desperta Ferro Ediciones: Madrid, 2021.
- Pupeza, P. “To see or to be seen: The Dacian fortresses from the Orăştie Mountains” in Annales d’Université Valahia Targoviste, Section d’Archeologie et d’Histoire, XIV, 2, 2012, 81-85.
- Richmond, I. A. “Trajan’s Army on Trajan's Column” in Papers of the British School at Rome, 13, 1935, 1-40.
- Rossi, L. “Dacian Fortifications in Trajan’s Column” in The Antiquaries Journal, 30-35.
- Soria Molina, D. Las guerras dácicas de Trajano Antecedentes, desarrollo, geopolítica, estrategia y consecuencias. Universidad de Murcia: Murcia, 2016.
- Stefan, A. S. Les guerres daciques de Domitien et de Trajan: Architecture militaire, topographie, images et histoire. Ecole Française de Rome: Rome, 2005.
- VV.AA. A Monumental Effort: Trajan’s Dacian Wars. Ancient Warfare Magazine VI.2, Karwansaray Publishers: Zutphen, 2012.
- Wheeler, E. “Rome’s Dacian Wars: Domitian, Trajan, and Strategy on the Danube, Part I” in The Journal of Military History, 74, 1185-1227.

Watch the Full video here: https://youtu.be/_GKLsHwCXx0

Go to https://get.atlasvpn.com/Filaxim to get 82% discount + bonus 3 months for free with 30 days money-back guarantee!

This video presents a battle model of what modern historians believe to be realistic ancient warfare. With our limited sources and material, it has always been hard to visualize the combat experience and decipher what it meant to do battle, and how they played out to one's favor. Supporting this model will be countless sources from Polybius, Livy and Caesar, to modern combat of boxers and riot police. We believe the few descriptions and evidence we have is enough to visualize a general guideline for understanding ancient battles, especially Roman infantry bottles!

Primary Sources
-Polyb. 15. 12-13.
-Polyb. 11. 20-22.
-Caes. BCiv. 3. 91-92.
-Caes. BGall. 1. 25.
-Plut. Ant. 39. 4.
-Sall. Cat. 60.1.
-Tac. Ann. 14. 35.

Secondary Sources
-Armstrong, J. & Fronda, M. P. Romans at War: Soldiers, Citizens, and Society in the Roman Republic. Routledge: London and New York. 2020.
-Cowan, R. “The Clashing of Weapons and Silent Advances in Roman Battles” in Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte, Bd. 56, 1, 2007, 114-117.
-Chrissanthos, S. G. “Freedom of Speech and the Roman Republican Army” in Sluiter, I. & Rosen, R. M. Free Speech in Classical Antiquity, Brill: Leiden & Boston. 2004, 341-368.
-Daly, G. Cannae: The Experience of Battle in the Second Punic War: Routledge: London & New York. 2002.
-Koon, S. Infantry Combat in Livy’s Battle Narratives.BAR International Series 2071, BAR:Oxford, 2010.
-Lendon, J. E. Soldiers & Ghosts: A History of Battle in Classical Antiquity. Yale University Press: New Haven. 2005.
-Melchior, A. “Caesar in Vietnam: Did Roman Soldiers Suffer from Post-Traumatic Stress
Disorder?” in Greece & Rome, V. 58. 2, October 2011, 209 - 223.
-Sabin, P. “Battle” in Sabin, P; Van Wees, H; Whitby, M: The Cambridge History of Greek and Roman Warfare Volume 1, Greece, The Hellenistic World and the Rise of Rome, Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, 2008. 399-433.
-Sabin, P. “The Mechanics of Battle in the Second Punic War”, in Cornell, T; Rankov, B; Sabin, P. (eds.) The Second Punic War: A Reappraisal, Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies, Sup. 67, 60-79.
-Sabin, P. “The Roman Face of Battle” in The Journal of Roman Studies, Vol. 90, 2000, 1-17.
-Campillo-Rubio, X; Valdés Matías, P; Ble, E. “Centurions in the Roman Legion: Computer Simulation and Complex Systems” in Journal of Interdisciplinary History, V. 46, 2, 2015, 245-266.
-Zhmodikov, A. “Roman Republican Heavy Infantrymen in Battle (IV-II Centuries B.C.)” in Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte, Bd. 49, 1, 2000, 67-78.

Line Spacing (0:00)
The Moral Tension Zone (2:01)
Depth of Ranks (3:40)
Unit Spacing (5:11)
Key officers (7:40)
Replacing Units (9:46)
Variations in the model (10:34)
Pursuing the Routed Enemy (11:17)

Try out Masterworks and skip their waitlist: https://www.masterworks.art/filaximhistoria

This video is a first of its kind that focuses on creating an accurate visual battle model of ancient armies. The video dives in to the whole battle process, from forming up for battle, to individual emotions, movement, spacing of ranks, charges, and all factors that affect morale, which is the driving force of victory!

Primary Sources
-Polyb. 15. 12-13.
-Polyb. 11. 20-22.
-Caes. BCiv. 3. 91-92.
-Caes. BGall. 1. 25.
-Plut. Ant. 39. 4.
-Sall. Cat. 60.1.
-Tac. Ann. 14. 35.

Secondary Sources
-Armstrong, J. & Fronda, M. P. Romans at War: Soldiers, Citizens, and Society in the Roman Republic. Routledge: London and New York. 2020.
-Cowan, R. “The Clashing of Weapons and Silent Advances in Roman Battles” in Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte, Bd. 56, 1, 2007, 114-117.
-Chrissanthos, S. G. “Freedom of Speech and the Roman Republican Army” in Sluiter, I. & Rosen, R. M. Free Speech in Classical Antiquity, Brill: Leiden & Boston. 2004, 341-368.
-Daly, G. Cannae: The Experience of Battle in the Second Punic War: Routledge: London & New York. 2002.
-Koon, S. Infantry Combat in Livy’s Battle Narratives.BAR International Series 2071, BAR:Oxford, 2010.
-Lendon, J. E. Soldiers & Ghosts: A History of Battle in Classical Antiquity. Yale University Press: New Haven. 2005.
-Melchior, A. “Caesar in Vietnam: Did Roman Soldiers Suffer from Post-Traumatic Stress
Disorder?” in Greece & Rome, V. 58. 2, October 2011, 209 - 223.
-Sabin, P. “Battle” in Sabin, P; Van Wees, H; Whitby, M: The Cambridge History of Greek and Roman Warfare Volume 1, Greece, The Hellenistic World and the Rise of Rome, Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, 2008. 399-433.
-Sabin, P. “The Mechanics of Battle in the Second Punic War”, in Cornell, T; Rankov, B; Sabin, P. (eds.) The Second Punic War: A Reappraisal, Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies, Sup. 67, 60-79.
-Sabin, P. “The Roman Face of Battle” in The Journal of Roman Studies, Vol. 90, 2000, 1-17.
-Campillo-Rubio, X; Valdés Matías, P; Ble, E. “Centurions in the Roman Legion: Computer Simulation and Complex Systems” in Journal of Interdisciplinary History, V. 46, 2, 2015, 245-266.
-Zhmodikov, A. “Roman Republican Heavy Infantrymen in Battle (IV-II Centuries B.C.)” in Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte, Bd. 49, 1, 2000, 67-78.

Masterworks Disclaimer: https://www.masterworks.com/about/disclaimer?utm_source=filaximhistoria&utm_medium=youtube&utm_campaign=6-12-23&utm_term=Filaxim+Historia+subscriber

Play War Thunder today with our link, and get a free bonus pack including vehicles, boosters, and more: https://playwt.link/filaximhistoria2023

This video dives into the secret training system and diet of professional Roman gladiators; ancient athletes that performed for roaring crowds for centuries, throughout all of Rome's history. Many famous Roman characters, from Julius Caesar to Vespasian to Commodus, loved the spectacles of these professional athletes, who were not only impressively built, but also moved and fought in a way that would hypnotize their audiences! The goal of this video is to show the many contrasts and similarities between modern and ancient athletes, as well as military and recreational workout schedules!

The amazing cinematic combat scenes were filmed and sent to us by Uvatha, check out his channel here: https://www.youtube.com/@Uvatha.

Primary sources:
-App. B. Civ. 4. 133.
-Sen. Ep. 22.1.
-CIL II, 6278.
-CIL IV, 4287.
-CIL IV, 8056.
-Gal. Libr. Propr. 4.
-IG, XII 2, 644.
-Plin. HN. 18.14.
-Suet. Cal. 30.
-Tert, Apol. 9.11.
-Veg. 1.11.

Secondary sources:
-Cagigal, R. Gladiator: Luchar para vivir en un oficio peligroso. JANO: Santander, 2010.
-Carter, M. “Armorum Studium: Gladiatorial Training and the Gladiatorial Ludus” in BICS 61, 1, 2018. pp. 119-131.
-Carter, M. “Gladiatorial Ranking and the "SC de Pretiis Gladiatorum Minuendis" (CIL II 6278 = ILS 5163)” in Phoenix, Vol. 57, No. 1/2 (Spring - Summer, 2003), pp. 83-114.
-Carter, M. J. “Gladiatorial Combat: The Rules of Engagement” in The Classical Journal, Vol. 102, No. 2 (Dec. - Jan., 2006/2007), pp. 97-114.
-Coleman, K. “A Left-Handed Gladiator at Pompeii” in Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik, Bd. 114, 1996. pp. 194-196.
-Curry, A. “The Gladiator Diet” in Archaeology, Vol. 61, 6, (November/December 2008). pp. 28-30.
-Curtis, R. I. “A slur on Lucius Asicius, the Pompeian Gladiator”, in Transactions of the American Philological Association, Vol. 110, 1980. pp. 51-61.
-Ducros, M. Les gladiateurs dans l’Orient grec : particularismes locaux, environnement social et représentations. Université Paul Valéry: Montpellier III, 2017.
-Jones, C. P. “Gladiator Epigrams from Beroea and Stratonikeia (Caria)” in Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik, Bd. 163, 2007. pp. 45-48.
-Kanz, F; Grossschmidt, K. “Dying in the arena: the osseous evidence from Ephesian gladiators' ' in Roman Amphitheatres and Spectacula, BAR International Series 1946, 2009. pp. 211-222.
-Kanz, F; Grossschmidt, K. “Head Injuries of Roman Gladiators” in Forensic Science International, 160, 2006. pp. 207-216.
-Matyszak, P. Gladiator: The Roman Fighter’s (Unofficial) Manual. Thames & Hudson Ltd: London, 2011.
-Pastor, M; Pastor, H. “Educacion y Entrenamiento en el Ludus” in Flor. II, 24, 2013. pp-127-152.

Recruitment (0:00)
First Training Phase (1:37)
Second Training Phase (6:01)
Dark Side of Gladiator Training (10:17)
A Gladiator's Diet (11:52)

Full video: https://youtu.be/PiZtQncvpjg

Enjoy the Full video here: https://youtu.be/PiZtQncvpjg

Thanks to Wondrium for sponsoring today's video! Signup for your FREE trial to Wondrium here: http://ow.ly/ywHW50MESeY

In this video, we piece together everything we know about the Spartans to create their full system of upbringing, focusing on their training, education, workouts, and social norms. This video was made in the style of a previous one, featuring the "impressive training and recruitment of the Roman Legions", so that a clear comparison can be made. In the future, we hope to cover the training of other ancient people, from the Greeks to the Macedonians and beyond, if our limited sources allow it!

Feel free to join our team on Patreon, and support us in making more free content: https://www.patreon.com/FilaximHistoria

Install Raid for Free ✅ IOS/ANDROID/PC: https://clcr.me/FilaximHistoria and get a special starter pack with an Epic champion Jotun 💥 Visit Champions Elect Event https://championselect.plarium.com ⚡ to win amazing in-game and real life gifts 🎁 Prizes are available only to new users that downloaded the game in the period starting January 1st, 2023
Promo codes:
✅ Use the Promo Code RAIDRONDA to get a bunch of helpful stuff. Available to ALL users: New and Old by February 28
✅ Use the Promo Code READY4RAID to get great pre-anniversary bonuses. Available for New users only by February 28
*Note that only 1 Promo code can be used within 24hours

This video is the 4th installment of our series of recreating Roman Forts, and it is certainly the most formidable of them all! Located in the heart of Cairo, this fort on the Nile was built to guard one of the most strategic areas of Roman Egypt - placed right on top of Trajan's Canal, which was the fastest link to the Indian Ocean and trade with ancient India. Join us on our journey to recreate the story of this massive fortress in 16 minutes and learn how it helped grow into the capital of Egypt, and one of the largest modern capitals in the modern world!

Consider joining our team of Patreons and helping us greaate more frequent videos: https://www.patreon.com/FilaximHistoria

Primary sources:
-John of Nikiu, CXI-CXXI
-Notitia Dignitatum Pars Orientalis 52.1

Secondary sources:
-Akarish, A; Hemeda, S; El-Nagga, A. A. “Engineering Investigations and Durability Problems of the Construction Materials of the Roman Babylon of Egypt” in Open Journal of Geology 8, 4, 2018.
-Butler, A. J. Babylon of Egypt: A study in the history of Old Cairo. Clarendon Press: Oxford, 1914.
-Karelin, D; Karelina, M; Sheehan, P; Zhitpeleva, T. “Babylon of Egypt: the reconstruction of the diocletianic fortress” in Roman Frontier Studies XXIV (24. Limes Congress) held in Belgrade/Viminacium. September 2-10, 2018.
-Karelin, D; Karelina, M; Sheehan, P; Zhitpeleva, T. “Reconstruction of the Diocletianic fortress in Babylon of Egypt: sources and reconstruction argumentation” in Proceedings of the International Forum held at the State Hermitage Museum 28–30 May 2018.
-Karelin, D; Karelina, M; Zhitpeleva, T. “Some Problems and Peculiarities of the 3D reconstructions of Late Roman Forts in Egypt” in C. Sebastian Sommer, Suzana Matešić (eds.) Limes XXIII: Proceedings of the 23rd International Limes Congress Ingolstadt 2015 Akten Des 23. Internationalen Limeskongresses in Ingolstadt 2015.
-Sheehan, P. Babylon of Egypt: The Archaeology of Old Cairo and the Origins of the City. The American University in Cairo Press: Cairo, 2010.

Raid: Shadow Legends “Champions Elect” Prize Promotion. Entry is Open to legal residents of THE 50 UNITED STATES AND THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA (EXCLUDING NEW YORK AND FLORIDA), who are 18 years or older. VOID WHERE PROHIBITED. Open only to NEW users with a valid Player ID that downloaded Raid: Shadow Legends and opened a Game Account after January 1st, 2023. To install Raid: Shadow Legends for Free, click HERE https://clcr.me/FilaximHistoria
Downloading Raid: Shadow Legends is subject to Plarium Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. In-game purchases are available. NO PURCHASE NECESSARY TO ENTER OR TO WIN A PRIZE. A PURCHASE DOES NOT IMPROVE YOUR CHANCES OF WINNING A PRIZE. Prizes: in-game items and/or Amazon.com Gift Cards, in the value and number as described in the Promotion Official Rules [championselect.plarium.com]. Additional Terms may apply on Amazon.com Gift Cards as set forth here ( http://amazon.com/gc-legal ). Prizes will be rewarded randomly, and subject to Eligibility Requirement/s set forth in the Promotion Official Rules. Promotion Period: January 16th at 00:01 – February 10th at 23:59. Sponsor: Plarium Global Ltd. Administrator: ( GLTCH Group Ltd). Personal Data will be processed in accordance with the Privacy Notice [http://championselect.plarium.com ]

Start taking care of your skin: Click here http://tiege.com/filaximhistoria to get 30% off your first Tiege Hanley box plus a FREE gift!🎁

This video covers the lesser known branch of the Roman Imperial Army; the Auxilia, which is composed of soldiers from all corners of the Roman Empire, and outside it! This video will hopefully serve as a deep introduction to the Auxiliaries for both history buffs and those who have never heard of them before!

Primary sources:
-Tac. Agr. 35 -Tab. Vindol. II. 156 https://romaninscriptionsofbritain.org/inscriptions/TabVindol156 -Tab. Vindol. II. 180 https://romaninscriptionsofbritain.org/inscriptions/TabVindol180 -Tab. Vindol. II. 181 https://romaninscriptionsofbritain.org/inscriptions/TabVindol181 -Tab. Vindol. I. 344 https://romaninscriptionsofbritain.org/inscriptions/TabVindol344 -Tab. Vindol. I. 628 https://romaninscriptionsofbritain.org/inscriptions/TabVindol628 -P. Dura. 82. https://findit.library.yale.edu/bookreader/BookReaderDemo/index.html?oid=15530020#page/1/mode/1up -P. Dura. 100. https://papyri.info/ddbdp/rom.mil.rec;1;1 -P. Dura. 101. https://papyri.info/ddbdp/rom.mil.rec;1;2 -Marcus Aurelius Lucilius: CIL 02-14, 4147 http://eda-bea.es/pub/record_card_2.php?rec=9859 -Secundus: Ephemeris Napocensis, EphNapoc-2020-296 https://db.edcs.eu/epigr/bilder.php?s_language=es&bild=$EphNapoc-2020-296_1.jpg;$EphNapoc-2020-296_2.jpg

Secondary sources:
-Bowman, A. K. Life and Letters on the Roman Frontier: Vindolanda and Its People. London: British Museum Publications, 1994. -Busquets Artigas, S. Los Externa auxilia en el siglo final de la República romana (133-27 a.C.). Barcelona: Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2014. -D. J, Breeze. (1969). The immunes and principles of the Roman army. Doctoral thesis, Durham University. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/10478/ -Gilliam, R. O; Fink, R. O. & Welles, C. B. Excavations at Dura-Europos. Final Report V, I. The parchments and papyri. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1959. -Gilliam, J. F. Dura Rosters and the Constitutio Antoniniana, in Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte, Bd. 14, H. 1 (Jan., 1965), 74-92. -Ruiz de Arbulo, J. “La dedicatoria a Mars Campester del centurión T. Aurelius Decimus y el campus de la guarnición imperial de Tarraco en el siglo II d.C. Algunas reflexiones sobre la topografía militar de la capital provincial”, in CuPAUAM 37-38, 2011-12, 553-569. -Spaul, J. E. H. Ala2 The Auxiliary Cavalry Units of the Pre-Diocletianic Imperial Roman Army. Nectoreca Press: Andover, 1994. -Spaul, J. E. H. Cohors2 The Evidence for and a Short History of the Auxiliary Infantry Units of the Imperial Roman Army. Bristish Archaeological Reports International Series 841, 2000. -Speidel, M. Roman Army Pay Scales, in The Journal of Roman Studies 82, 87-106. -Speidel, M. P. Riding for Caesar: The Roman Emperors Horse Guard. Harvard University Press, 1997. -Tentea, O. “Cohors I Ituraeorum Sagittariorum Equitata Milliaria”, in ORBIS ANTIQVVS: Studia in honorem Ioannis Pisonis, Cluj-Napoca: National History Museum of Transylvania, 2004, 804-814.

Play War Thunder today with our link, and get a free bonus pack including vehicles, boosters, and more: https://wtplay.link/wtfilaximhistoria

Visit SPQR Shop and get a 10% discount with our code "Filaxim": https://spqrshop.com/Filaxim/ref/FilaximHistoria/

There is no question that today we live better than anyone in history, but not in every possible way. This video goes over some aspects in which a 2000-year-old ancient Roman civilization did better than us. From the times of Julius Caesar, much of our lifestyle, social norms, and way of living has changed, and not always for the better. Today, we go over just a handful of aspects from which we have strayed away from the past.

Sources:
This video is a summary of knowledge from the top of our heads based on academic lectures and conferences attended during our university days. So sadly, there won't be plenty of direct sources, but we won't leave you empty-handed. You can access the life of the Gracchi brothers here: https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Appian/Civil_Wars/1*.html -Plutarch, Life of Tiberius Gracchus, 2.2 - AE 1971, 00282: https://db.edcs.eu/epigr/bilder.php?s_language=es&bild=$TR_Schillinger_00161_1.jpg;$TR_Schillinger_00161_2.jpg;$TR_Schillinger_00161_3.jpg;$TR_Schillinger_00161_4.jpg;$M_Schillinger_00161_1.jpg;$M_Schillinger_00161_2.jpg;$M_Schillinger_00161_3.jpg;$Schillinger_00161.jpg;pp&nr=5

Cicero's book on oratory can also be accessed freely here: https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/9776/pg9776-images.html. Hope you enjoyed the video!

Yours truly,
the Filaxim Historia team.

Wealthy pay for Poor (0:00)
The Art of Rhetoric (1:52)
Sponsor (4:20)
Religious Inclusion (5:17)
New Merch! (7:54)